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Warming up is performed before a performance or practice. Athletes, singers, actors and others warm up before stressing their muscles. It prepares[how?] the muscles for vigorous actions.

A warm up generally consists of a gradual increase in intensity in physical activity (a “pulse raiser”), joint mobility exercise, and stretching, followed by the activity. Warming up brings the body to a condition at which it safely responds to nerve signals for quick and efficient action.

For example, before running or playing an intensive sport, the athlete might slowly jog to warm their muscles and increase their heart rate. It is important that warm ups be specific to the activity, so that the muscles to be used are activated. The risks and benefits of combining stretching with warming up are disputable, although it is generally believed that warming up prepares the athlete both mentally and physically. In a meta-study of 32 high quality studies, about 4/5 ths of the studies showed improvements in performance.[1]

Warm-up programs can improve the strength of the knee muscle, which, in turn, may decrease injuries.[2]

A comprehensive warm-up program did not significantly decrease injuries in football compared to a control group.[3]

Direct physical effects of warm ups are:

Release of adrenaline
Increased heart rate
Enabling oxygen in the blood to travel with greater speed and at a higher volume
Increased production of synovial fluid located between the joints to reduce friction
Efficiency of joint
Dilation of capillaries
Increase of temperature in the muscles
Decreased viscosity of blood

Stretching is part of some warm up routines, although a study in 2013 indicates that it weakens muscles in that situation.[4] There are 3 types of stretches: ballistic stretching, dynamic, and static stretching:

Ballistic Stretches involve bouncing or jerking. It is purported to help extend limbs during exercise, promoting agility and flexibility. However, this type of stretching may also cause injury and is not generally recommended.
Static Stretches involve flexing the muscles. This may help prevent injury and permit greater flexibility and agility. Note that static stretching for too long may weaken the muscles.[4][5]
Dynamic Stretching involves moving the body part in the desired way until reaching the full range of motion, to improve performance.