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A name is a term used for identification. Names can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. A personal name identifies, not necessarily uniquely, a specific individual human. The name of a specific entity is sometimes called a proper name (although that term has a philosophical meaning also) and is, when consisting of only one word, a proper noun. Other nouns are sometimes called “common names” or (obsolete) “general names”. A name can be given to a person, place, or thing; for example, parents can give their child a name or a scientist can give an element a name.

Caution must be exercised when translating, for there are ways that one language may prefer one type of name over another. For example, the French sometimes refer to Aristotle as “le Stagirite” from one spelling of his place of birth, and English speakers often refer to Shakespeare as “The Bard”, recognizing him as a paragon writer of the language. Also, claims to preference or authority can be refuted: the British did not refer to Louis-Napoleon as Napoleon III during his rule.

The word “name” comes from Old English nama; cognate with Old High German (OHG) namo, Sanskrit नामन् (nāman), Latin nomen, Greek ὄνομα (onoma), and Persian نام (nâm),[1] from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *h₁nómn̥.[2] Perhaps connected to non-Indo-European terms such as Tamil namam and Proto-Uralic *nime.

In religious thought[edit]
Further information: Names of God
In the ancient world, particularly in the ancient near-east (Israel, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia) names were thought to be extremely powerful and to act, in some ways, as a separate manifestation of a person or deity.[3] This viewpoint is responsible both for the reluctance to use the proper name of God in Hebrew writing or speech, as well as the common understanding in ancient magic that magical rituals had to be carried out “in [someone’s] name”. By invoking a god or spirit by name, one was thought to be able to summon that spirit’s power for some kind of miracle or magic (see Luke 9:49, in which the disciples claim to have seen a man driving out demons using the name of Jesus). This understanding passed into later religious tradition, for example the stipulation in Catholic exorcism that the demon cannot be expelled until the exorcist has forced it to give up its name, at which point the name may be used in a stern command which will drive the demon away.

Biblical names[edit]
Main article: List of biblical names
In the Old Testament, the names of individuals are meaningful, and a change of name indicates a change of status. For example, the patriarch Abram and his wife Sarai are renamed “Abraham” and “Sarah” when they are told they will be the father and mother of many nations (Genesis 17:4, 17:15). Simon was renamed Peter when he was given the Keys to Heaven. This is recounted in the Gospel of Matthew chapter 16, which according to Roman Catholic teaching[4] was when Jesus promised to Saint Peter the power to take binding actions.[5]

Throughout the Bible, characters are given names at birth that reflect something of significance or describe the course of their lives. For example: Solomon meant peace[citation needed], and the king with that name was the first whose reign was without war[citation needed]. Likewise, Joseph named his firstborn son Manasseh (Hebrew: “causing to forget”)(Genesis 41:51); when Joseph also said, ““God has made me forget all my troubles and everyone in my father’s family.”

Biblical Jewish people did not have surnames which were passed from generation to generation. However, they were typically known as the child of their father. For example: דוד בן ישי (David ben Yishay) meaning, David, son of Jesse (1 Samuel 17:12,58).

Talmudic attitudes[edit]
The Babylonian Talmud maintains that names exert a mystical influence over their bearers, and a change of name is one of four actions that can avert an evil heavenly decree, that would lead to punishment after one’s death.[citation needed] Rabbinical commentators differ as to whether the name’s influence is metaphysical, connecting a person to their soul, or bio-socio-psychological, where the connection affects his personality, appearance and social capacities. The Talmud also states that all those who descend to Gehenna will rise in the time of Messiah. However, there are three exceptions, one of which is he who calls another by a derisive nickname.

In Manhattan, roads that cross the island from east to west are called “Streets”. Those that run the length of the island (north–south) are called “Avenues”. Most of Manhattan’s streets and avenues are numbered, with “1st Street” being near the southern end of the island, and “219th Street” being near the northern end, while “1st Avenue” is near the eastern edge of the island and “12th Avenue” near the western edge.
In Ontario, numbered concession roads are east–west whereas “lines” are north–south routes.
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