Counter-Strike 1.6 Virtus Pro

Download : Virtus Pro

Features:

Oldschool player models
Powerful CFG
Bots (Controls: “H”)
Garanteed to run on Windows 10 and earlier versions
48 proto
100% Anti-Hacking protection
Unlimited download speed
Fast installation (less than a minute)

Protocol version 48
Exe version 1.1.2.7/Stdio (cstrike)
Exe build : 13 : 14 : 12 Aug 29 2013 (6153)

Release date May , 2016

Supports operating system Windows 10
Includes latest CS 1.6 Bots
Client can join Steam P48 servers
Dedicated Server is also included
Working Dedicated and Listen server
Game is operating with REVOLUTiON Emulator
Include latest Metamod-P and AmxModX
Playable on LAN and Internet
Entirely new Weapons & Playermodels added
plugins.ini is in cstrike\addons\amxmodx\configs located
Improved texture ( blood , overviews , buy menu , new icons for HUD etc. )
In game ads are removed
And many more..

The first electronic digital computers, Colossus and ENIAC, were built during World War II to aid the Allied war effort against the Axis powers.[5] Shortly after the war, the promulgation of the first stored program architectures at the University of Pennsylvania (EDVAC), Cambridge University (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC)), the University of Manchester (Manchester Mark 1), and Princeton University (IAS machine) allowed computers to be easily reprogrammed to undertake a variety of tasks, which facilitated commercializing computers in the early 1950s by companies like Remington Rand, Ferranti, and IBM.[6] This in turn promoted the adoption of computers by universities, government organizations, and large corporations as the decade progressed.[7] It was in this environment that the first video games were born.

The computer games of the 1950s can generally be divided into three categories: training and instructional programs, research programs in fields such as artificial intelligence, and demonstration programs intended to impress or entertain the public. Because these games were largely developed on unique hardware in a time when porting between systems was difficult and were often dismantled or discarded after serving their limited purposes, they did not generally influence further developments in the industry.[8] For the same reason, it is impossible to be certain who developed the first computer game or who originally modeled many of the games or play mechanics introduced during the decade, as there are likely several games from this period that were never publicized and are thus unknown today.[8]

The earliest known written computer game was a chess simulation developed by Alan Turing and David Champernowne called Turochamp, which was completed in 1948 but never actually implemented on a computer. The earliest known computer games actually implemented were two custom built machines called Bertie the Brain and Nimrod, which played tic-tac-toe and the game of Nim, respectively. Bertie the Brain, designed and built by Josef Kates at Rogers Majestic, was displayed at the Canadian National Exhibition in 1950,[9] while Nimrod, conceived by John Bennett at Ferranti and built by Raymond Stuart-Williams, was displayed at the Festival of Britain and the Berlin Industrial Show in 1951.[10] Neither game incorporated a cathode ray tube (CRT) display.[11][12] The first games known to incorporate a monitor were two research projects completed in 1952, a checkers program by Christopher Strachey on the Ferranti Mark 1[13] and a tic-tac-toe program called OXO by Alexander Douglas on the EDSAC.[14] Both of these programs used a relatively static display to track the current state of the game board. The first known game incorporating graphics that updated in real time was a pool game programmed by William Brown and Ted Lewis specifically for a demonstration of the MIDSAC computer at the University of Michigan in 1954

Perhaps the first game created solely for entertainment rather than to demonstrate the power of some technology, train personnel, or aid in research was Tennis for Two, designed by William Higinbotham and built by Robert Dvorak at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1958. Designed to entertain the general public at Brookhaven’s annual series of open houses, the game was deployed on an analog computer with graphics displayed on an oscilloscope and was dismantled in 1959. Higinbotham never considered adapting the successful game into a commercial product, which would have been impractical with the technology of the time. Ultimately, the widespread adoption of computers to play games would have to wait for the machines to spread from serious academics to their students on U.S. college campuses

The mainframe computers of the 1950s were generally batch processing machines of limited speed and memory. This made them generally unsuited for games. Further, they were costly and relatively scarce commodities, so computer time was a precious resource that could not be wasted on frivolous pursuits like entertainment. At the Lincoln Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), however, a team led by Jay Forrester developed a computer called Whirlwind in the early 1950s that processed commands in real time and incorporated a faster and more reliable form of random access memory (RAM) based around magnetic cores. Based on this work, two employees at the lab named Ken Olsen and Wes Clark developed a prototype real time computer called the TX-0 that incorporated the recently invented transistor, which ultimately allowed the size and cost of computers to be significantly reduced. Olsen subsequently established the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) with Harlan Anderson in 1957 and developed a commercial update of the TX-0 called the PDP-1.

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The oldest meteorite fragments found on Earth are about 4.54 billion years old; this, coupled primarily with the dating of ancient lead deposits, has put the estimated age of Earth at around that time.[35] The Moon has the same composition as Earth’s crust but does not contain an iron-rich core like the Earth’s. Many scientists think that about 40 million years later a body the size of Mars struck the Earth, throwing into orbit crust material that formed the Moon. Another hypothesis is that the Earth and Moon started to coalesce at the same time but the Earth, having much stronger gravity than the early Moon, attracted almost all the iron particles in the area.[36]

Until 2001, the oldest rocks found on Earth were about 3.8 billion years old,[37][38][39][40] leading scientists to estimate that the Earth’s surface had been molten until then. Accordingly, they named this part of Earth’s history the Hadean, whose name means “hellish.”[41] However, analysis of zircons formed 4.4 Ga indicates that Earth’s crust solidified about 100 million years after the planet’s formation and that the planet quickly acquired oceans and an atmosphere, which may have been capable of supporting life.[42][43][44]

Evidence from the Moon indicates that from 4 to 3.8 Ga it suffered a Late Heavy Bombardment by debris that was left over from the formation of the Solar System, and the Earth should have experienced an even heavier bombardment due to its stronger gravity.[41][45] While there is no direct evidence of conditions on Earth 4 to 3.8 Ga, there is no reason to think that the Earth was not also affected by this late heavy bombardment.[46] This event may well have stripped away any previous atmosphere and oceans; in this case gases and water from comet impacts may have contributed to their replacement, although volcanic outgassing on Earth would have supplied at least half.[47] However, if subsurface microbial life had evolved by this point, it would have survived the bombardment.

he earliest identified organisms were minute and relatively featureless, and their fossils look like small rods, which are very difficult to tell apart from structures that arise through abiotic physical processes. The oldest undisputed evidence of life on Earth, interpreted as fossilized bacteria, dates to 3 Ga.[49] Other finds in rocks dated to about 3.5 Ga have been interpreted as bacteria,[50] with geochemical evidence also seeming to show the presence of life 3.8 Ga.[51] However, these analyses were closely scrutinized, and non-biological processes were found which could produce all of the “signatures of life” that had been reported.[52][53] While this does not prove that the structures found had a non-biological origin, they cannot be taken as clear evidence for the presence of life. Geochemical signatures from rocks deposited 3.4 Ga have been interpreted as evidence for life,[49][54] although these statements have not been thoroughly examined by critics.

Biologists reason that all living organisms on Earth must share a single last universal ancestor, because it would be virtually impossible that two or more separate lineages could have independently developed the many complex biochemical mechanisms common to all living organisms.[56][57] As previously mentioned the earliest organisms for which fossil evidence is available are bacteria. The lack of fossil or geochemical evidence for earlier organisms has left plenty of scope for hypotheses, which fall into two main groups: 1) that life arose spontaneously on Earth or 2) that it was “seeded” from elsewhere in the Universe.

Panspermia does not explain how life arose in the first place, but simply examines the possibility of it coming from somewhere other than the Earth. The idea that life on Earth was “seeded” from elsewhere in the Universe dates back at least to the Greek philosopher Anaximander in the sixth century BCE.[58] In the twentieth century it was proposed by the physical chemist Svante Arrhenius,[59] by the astronomers Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe,[60] and by molecular biologist Francis Crick and chemist Leslie Orgel.[61]

There are three main versions of the “seeded from elsewhere” hypothesis: from elsewhere in our Solar System via fragments knocked into space by a large meteor impact, in which case the most credible sources are Mars[62] and Venus;[63] by alien visitors, possibly as a result of accidental contamination by microorganisms that they brought with them;[61] and from outside the Solar System but by natural means.[59][62]

Experiments in low Earth orbit, such as EXOSTACK, demonstrated that some microorganism spores can survive the shock of being catapulted into space and some can survive exposure to outer space radiation for at least 5.7 years.[64][65] Scientists are divided over the likelihood of life arising independently on Mars,[66] or on other planets in our galaxy.

Life on Earth is based on carbon and water. Carbon provides stable frameworks for complex chemicals and can be easily extracted from the environment, especially from carbon dioxide.[44] There is no other chemical element whose properties are similar enough to carbon’s to be called an analogue; silicon, the element directly below carbon on the periodic table, does not form very many complex stable molecules, and because most of its compounds are water-insoluble, it would be more difficult for organisms to extract. The elements boron and phosphorus have more complex chemistries, but suffer from other limitations relative to carbon. Water is an excellent solvent and has two other useful properties: the fact that ice floats enables aquatic organisms to survive beneath it in winter; and its molecules have electrically negative and positive ends, which enables it to form a wider range of compounds than other solvents can. Other good solvents, such as ammonia, are liquid only at such low temperatures that chemical reactions may be too slow to sustain life, and lack water’s other advantages.[67] Organisms based on alternative biochemistry may, however, be possible on other planets.[68]

Research on how life might have emerged from non-living chemicals focuses on three possible starting points: self-replication, an organism’s ability to produce offspring that are very similar to itself; metabolism, its ability to feed and repair itself; and external cell membranes, which allow food to enter and waste products to leave, but exclude unwanted substances.[69] Research on abiogenesis still has a long way to go, since theoretical and empirical approaches are only beginning to make contact with each other.[70][71]
Replication first: RNA world
Main articles: Last universal ancestor and RNA world hypothesis

Even the simplest members of the three modern domains of life use DNA to record their “recipes” and a complex array of RNA and protein molecules to “read” these instructions and use them for growth, maintenance and self-replication. The discovery that some RNA molecules can catalyze both their own replication and the construction of proteins led to the hypothesis of earlier life-forms based entirely on RNA.[72] These ribozymes could have formed an RNA world in which there were individuals but no species, as mutations and horizontal gene transfers would have meant that the offspring in each generation were quite likely to have different genomes from those that their parents started with.[73] RNA would later have been replaced by DNA, which is more stable and therefore can build longer genomes, expanding the range of capabilities a single organism can have.[73][74][75] Ribozymes remain as the main components of ribosomes, modern cells’ “protein factories.”[76]

Although short self-replicating RNA molecules have been artificially produced in laboratories,[77] doubts have been raised about where natural non-biological synthesis of RNA is possible.[78] The earliest “ribozymes” may have been formed of simpler nucleic acids such as PNA, TNA or GNA, which would have been replaced later by RNA.[79][80]

In 2003, it was proposed that porous metal sulfide precipitates would assist RNA synthesis at about 100 °C (212 °F) and ocean-bottom pressures near hydrothermal vents. Under this hypothesis, lipid membranes would be the last major cell components to appear and, until then, the protocells would be confined to the pores.